Fight Report

User Name:
Password:
Remember:
Forgotten Password
Not Registered? Sign Up Now!
* *
Twitter Facebook Discord Email Donate | Forum | How To Play | Accessibility
08/09/2034
Next Processing: 00:16
Kamran Hikmat vs Aftab Kamel

Boxing Daily Report from the iQ Boxing promoted show at Atif Naqvi Gym, Dammam,  taking place on 01/03/2034:

There are plenty of empty seats out here tonight, with the show nowhere near close to selling out.  
Next up is the main event of the show.  This is a mandatory fight for the Saudi Arabia-East Welterweight title.  

Looking to impress the boxing fans in attendance and those watching live on Saudi TV, the two fighters competing in this 10 round matchup are Kamran Hikmat (23(2) - 8(1) - 1) who hails from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Aftab Kamel(12 - 17(3) - 4) from Dammam, Saudi Arabia.  Hikmat weighed in at 147 pounds, while Kamel weighed in at 146 pounds and 13 ounces.  
The referee tonight is Ali Saeed, and the three ringside judges are Amjad Zacha, Tariq Atif and Rashid Betros.  

Round 1: 

Hikmat lands a left hook to the body followed by a right hook to the head.  Hikmat clinches his opponent.  As they grapple, Hikmat pushes his forearm into Kamel's face.  The referee breaks the clinch and warns Hikmat to stop fouling.  
Hikmat walks Kamel into the corner.  Kamel lands a left hook.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and is on target with a left hook to his opponents body.  
Kamel quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent.  Hikmat lands a left hook to the body, and then to the head.  
Hikmat is on target with a left hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat lands two right hooks to the body, and one to the head.  
Hikmat steps inside.  Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent.  Kamel throws a left hook, but Hikmat ties up his opponent.  Hikmat leans on his opponent trying to wear him down. The ref separates the two fighters.  
Hikmat lands a right uppercut followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  Hikmat clinches his opponent.  Hikmat hits his opponent with a kidney shot within the clinch. 
Kamel pivots to the left of his opponent and hits home with a right uppercut.  
Hikmat hits home with a right hook.  
Hikmat is on target with a right hook.  
Hikmat drives a right hook into Kamel's ribcage.  
Hikmat digs in a right hook to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat hits home with a right hook.  
Hikmat advances into close range.  Hikmat pivots to the right of his opponent and lands a left uppercut followed by a right uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and digs in a right hook to his opponents ribs.  
At the end of Round 1, lets listen in on the corners...Kamel's trainer is advising how he could be more accurate.  Kamel's trainer is passing on some tactical advice.  

Round 1 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 1                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 33                            
Power Shots Landed: 19                            
Head Shots Thrown: 11                            
Head Shots Landed: 6                             
Body Shots Thrown: 23                            
Body Shots Landed: 13                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 1                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 25                            
Power Shots Landed: 2                             
Head Shots Thrown: 23                            
Head Shots Landed: 2                             
Body Shots Thrown: 3                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 2: 

Hikmat gets on the inside and lands a left hook.  
Kamel tries to land a right hook, but his opponent sidesteps and counters with a left hook.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and lands a left hook, left uppercut and a right hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat is on target with a left hook to Kamel's ribs.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and walks Kamel onto the ropes.  Hikmat lands a right hook.  
Kamel throws a left hook, but Hikmat clinches his opponent.  Hikmat leans on his opponent using all his weight. The ref calls break and the two fighters separate.  
Hikmat lands a right hook to the head followed by a left hook to the body.  Hikmat clinches his opponent.  Hikmat pushes his forearm into Kamel's face.  The referee breaks the clinch and warns Hikmat to stop fouling.  
Hikmat gets on the inside.  Kamel pivots from in front of his opponent.  Kamel throws a left hook, but Hikmat ties up his opponent.  Hikmat leans on his opponent using all his weight. The ref calls break and the two fighters separate.  
Hikmat pivots to the side of his opponent and drives a right hook into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat advances into close range and lands a left hook to the body, a right hook to the body and a left hook to the head.  
Hikmat walks his opponent into the corner.  Hikmat drives a right hook into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat lands a left uppercut to the head followed by a left hook to the body.  Hikmat ties up his opponent.  Hikmat uses his free hand to throw a hook, but it hits Kamel behind the head. 
Hikmat lands a left hook to the body followed by a right hook to the head.  
Kamel throws a left uppercut, but his opponent sidesteps and counters with a right hook.  
Hikmat lands a right hook followed by a left hook to his opponents body.  Hikmat holds on to his opponent.  Hikmat leans on his opponent using all his weight. The ref calls break and the two fighters separate.  
Hikmat advances into close range.  Hikmat lands two right hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat lands a left hook, right hook and a left hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat walks his opponent into the corner.  Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  
At the end of Round 2, lets listen in on the corners...Kamel's trainer is telling his fighter he needs to be more active or he's going to get outworked.  Kamel's trainer is telling his fighter to tighten his defence.  

Round 2 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 5                             
Jabs Landed: 2                             
Power Shots Thrown: 41                            
Power Shots Landed: 28                            
Head Shots Thrown: 17                            
Head Shots Landed: 10                            
Body Shots Thrown: 29                            
Body Shots Landed: 20                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 4                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 19                            
Power Shots Landed: 0                             
Head Shots Thrown: 20                            
Head Shots Landed: 0                             
Body Shots Thrown: 3                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 3: 

Hikmat tries to land a left uppercut, but his opponent blocks the shot and counters with a right hook.  
Hikmat lands a jab.  
Hikmat advances into close range.  Kamel pivots from in front of his opponent and is on target with a right hook to his opponents ribcage.  
Hikmat lands a left hook, right hook and a right uppercut to his opponents body.  Hikmat holds on to his opponent.  Kamel is leaning on his opponent in the clinch. The referee breaks up the clinch and lectures Hikmat to stop holding.  
Kamel throws a left hook, but Hikmat holds on to his opponent.  Hikmat leans on his opponent using all his weight. The referee breaks the clinch and warns Hikmat to stop holding.  
Hikmat drives a right hook into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat digs in a right hook to his opponents body.  
Kamel pivots to the side of his opponent.  Hikmat digs in a right hook to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat walks Kamel down, trapping him on the ropes.  Hikmat lands a right hook to the body, a left hook to the head and a right hook to the body.  
Hikmat lands a right hook to the body, and then to the head.  
Hikmat drives a right hook into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat connects with a left uppercut.  
Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and lands a left hook to the head, a left hook to the body and a right hook to the body.  
Hikmat closes the distance and is on target with a left uppercut to Kamel's ribs.  
Hikmat advances into close range.  Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and digs in a right hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat closes the distance and digs in a left hook to his opponents liver.  
Kamel attempts to land a jab, but Hikmat slips the shot and counters with a cross.  
Hikmat drives a right hook into Kamel's ribs.  


Round 3 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 3                             
Jabs Landed: 1                             
Power Shots Thrown: 32                            
Power Shots Landed: 21                            
Head Shots Thrown: 10                            
Head Shots Landed: 6                             
Body Shots Thrown: 25                            
Body Shots Landed: 16                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 4                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 21                            
Power Shots Landed: 2                             
Head Shots Thrown: 20                            
Head Shots Landed: 1                             
Body Shots Thrown: 5                             
Body Shots Landed: 1                             

Round 4: 

Hikmat closes the distance.  Hikmat sidesteps to the left of his opponent.  Kamel hits home with a right hook.  
Kamel pivots to the side of his opponent.  Hikmat lands a left uppercut to the body, a left hook to the head and a right hook to the body.  
Kamel tries to land a left hook, but his opponent sidesteps and counters with a right hook.  
Hikmat manages to force Kamel onto the ropes.  Hikmat lands a right hook followed by a left uppercut to his opponents head.  
Hikmat drives a left uppercut into his opponents body.  
Hikmat lands a left hook.  
Hikmat lands a left hook to the body followed by a right hook to the head.  
Kamel throws a right hook, but his opponent sidesteps and counters with a right uppercut to Kamel's body.  
Hikmat manages to force Kamel into a neutral corner.  Hikmat lands a left hook to the body followed by a right hook to the head.  He follows up the attack and lands a right hook to the body followed by a left hook to the head.  
Hikmat forces Kamel to back into the ropes.  Hikmat drives a left uppercut into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat sidesteps to the left of his opponent.  Kamel tries to land a right hook, but Hikmat dodges the shot and counters with a right uppercut.  
Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a right uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat is on target with a right hook to Kamel's body.  
Kamel is looking to keep his distance.  Hikmat lands a cross followed by a overhand right to his opponents head.  
Hikmat gets on the inside.  Kamel pivots to the left of his opponent.  Hikmat lands a left hook to the body, and then to the head.  
Hikmat lands a left hook.  
Hikmat manages to force Kamel into a corner.  Kamel wants to work on the inside, but accidentally clashes heads with his opponent!  The ref does not appear to have noticed the clash as Hikmat dabs at his face checking for damage.  


Round 4 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 4                             
Jabs Landed: 1                             
Power Shots Thrown: 36                            
Power Shots Landed: 25                            
Head Shots Thrown: 20                            
Head Shots Landed: 14                            
Body Shots Thrown: 20                            
Body Shots Landed: 12                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 4                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 19                            
Power Shots Landed: 1                             
Head Shots Thrown: 17                            
Head Shots Landed: 1                             
Body Shots Thrown: 6                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 5: 

Hikmat connects with a left hook.  
Hikmat lands a right hook followed by a right uppercut to his opponents head.  
Hikmat hits home with a cross.  
Kamel is on target with a jab.  
Hikmat steps inside and lands two consecutive right uppercuts to his opponents head.  
Hikmat steps inside and drives a right uppercut into his opponents body.  
Hikmat lands a right hook to the head followed by a left uppercut to the body.  
Hikmat digs in a left hook to his opponents liver.  
Hikmat lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat digs in a left hook to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat closes the distance and lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Kamel steps away from his opponent.  Hikmat lands a cross followed by a overhand right to his opponents head.  
Hikmat lands two straights followed by a right uppercut to his opponents head.  
Hikmat drives a left hook into his opponents body.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance.  Hikmat pivots to the left of his opponent and digs in a right hook to Kamel's body.  As the two fighters work on the inside, their heads come together!  The ref acknowledges the accidental headclash but allows the action to continue.  Kamel has taken some damage there.  That has caused slight swelling  around the left eye.  
Hikmat advances into close range.  Hikmat pivots to the side of his opponent and lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance.  Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and lands a left hook to the body, and then to the head.  


Round 5 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 1                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 40                            
Power Shots Landed: 26                            
Head Shots Thrown: 19                            
Head Shots Landed: 13                            
Body Shots Thrown: 22                            
Body Shots Landed: 13                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 4                             
Jabs Landed: 1                             
Power Shots Thrown: 15                            
Power Shots Landed: 0                             
Head Shots Thrown: 16                            
Head Shots Landed: 1                             
Body Shots Thrown: 3                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 6: 

Kamel is looking to keep the action on the outside.  Hikmat is on target with an overhand right.  
Hikmat circles his opponent with a low guard, waiting for his opponent to attack.  Kamel attempts to land a right hook, but Hikmat blocks the shot and counters with a right uppercut.  
Hikmat advances into close range and is on target with a left uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Kamel steps to the outside.  Hikmat hits home with a cross.  Hikmat attempts to land a cross, but Kamel dodges the shot and counters with a cross.  
Kamel pivots to the side of his opponent.  Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  
Kamel tries to keep the action at long range.  Hikmat connects with a cross.  
Hikmat hits home with an overhand left.  
Hikmat lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat digs in a right hook to Kamel's body.  
Hikmat feints a jab, and then hits home with a left hook.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance.  Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and lands two left hooks to the body, and one to the head.  
Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a jab to his opponents head.  
Hikmat forces Kamel to back into the corner.  Hikmat lands a right hook to the head followed by a left uppercut to the body.  
Hikmat lands a right hook to the body, and then to the head.  
Hikmat hits home with a left hook.  
Hikmat feints a jab, but Kamel ignores the feint and responds with a right uppercut.  
Hikmat lands a left hook to the body, a left hook to the head and a right hook to the body.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and lands a left hook followed by a left uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  


Round 6 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 7                             
Jabs Landed: 1                             
Power Shots Thrown: 42                            
Power Shots Landed: 30                            
Head Shots Thrown: 20                            
Head Shots Landed: 13                            
Body Shots Thrown: 29                            
Body Shots Landed: 18                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 0                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 23                            
Power Shots Landed: 2                             
Head Shots Thrown: 22                            
Head Shots Landed: 2                             
Body Shots Thrown: 1                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 7: 

Hikmat is looking to close the distance.  Hikmat pivots to the left of his opponent and lands a left hook to the head followed by a left uppercut to the body.  
Hikmat lands a right hook to the body followed by a left hook to the head.  
Hikmat lands a left hook.  
Hikmat advances into close range and lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  He then lands a left uppercut followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  
Kamel pivots to the left of his opponent.  Hikmat lands a left hook to the head followed by a left uppercut to the body.  
Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a left uppercut to his opponents body.  
Kamel steps back and leans on the ropes with his guard up.  Hikmat is whaling away with hooks, but Kamel keeps his defence tight.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and lands a right uppercut followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat pivots to the side of his opponent and is on target with a right hook to Kamel's ribs.  
Hikmat lands a left hook to the head followed by a right hook to the body.  
Hikmat gets on the inside and drives a right hook into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat lands a left uppercut.  
Hikmat pivots to the side of his opponent and lands a cross.  
Hikmat feints a left hook, but Kamel is not fooled and lands with a left uppercut.  
Hikmat digs in a left uppercut to his opponents liver.  
Hikmat steps inside and lands a right hook followed by a left hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat hits home with a right uppercut.  
Hikmat steps inside and lands a right hook.  
Hikmat sidesteps to the right of his opponent and lands a left uppercut, left hook and a left uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat advances into close range and lands a left hook to the body, a right hook to the head and a left hook to the body.  


Round 7 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 2                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 49                            
Power Shots Landed: 32                            
Head Shots Thrown: 19                            
Head Shots Landed: 10                            
Body Shots Thrown: 32                            
Body Shots Landed: 22                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 2                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 19                            
Power Shots Landed: 1                             
Head Shots Thrown: 16                            
Head Shots Landed: 1                             
Body Shots Thrown: 5                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 8: 

Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and is on target with a cross.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and lands a right hook to the body followed by a left uppercut to the head.  
Hikmat closes the distance and is on target with a right uppercut to Kamel's body.  
Hikmat closes the distance.  Hikmat pivots from in front of his opponent and lands two right hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and digs in a potent left hook to his opponents ribs.  KAMEL HAS BEEN KNOCKED DOWN!  He is on his feet as the count reaches 4.  
Kamel tries to land a left uppercut, but his opponent blocks the shot and counters with a right hook.  
Hikmat closes the distance and digs in a right hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat steps inside.  Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and lands a left hook to the body, a left uppercut to the body and a right hook to the head.  
Hikmat is on target with a left hook to his opponents ribs.  
Kamel steps away from his opponent.  Hikmat lands a cross followed by a jab to his opponents head.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and lands a double right hook to his opponents head.  
Hikmat drives a right hook into his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat feints a jab, tricking Kamel into throwing a cross counter.  Hikmat springs the trap and counters with  a right hook.  
Hikmat advances into close range and lands a left hook followed by a right hook to his opponents body.  


Round 8 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 1                             
Jabs Landed: 1                             
Power Shots Thrown: 33                            
Power Shots Landed: 20                            
Head Shots Thrown: 14                            
Head Shots Landed: 9                             
Body Shots Thrown: 20                            
Body Shots Landed: 12                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 0                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 8                             
Power Shots Landed: 0                             
Head Shots Thrown: 6                             
Head Shots Landed: 0                             
Body Shots Thrown: 2                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 9: 

Hikmat is looking to close the distance and lands a left hook to the body, a left uppercut to the body and a right hook to the head.  
Hikmat is on target with a left hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat pivots from in front of his opponent and lands a left uppercut to the body followed by a right hook to the head.  
Hikmat connects with an overhand right.  
Hikmat lowers his hands, trying to provoke his opponent to attack.  Kamel tries to land a jab, but his opponent dodges the shot and counters with a right uppercut.  
Kamel tries to keep the action at long range.  Hikmat hits home with a cross.  
Hikmat feints a left hook, and then attempts to land a jab, but Kamel slips the shot and counters with a left uppercut.  
Hikmat lands a left uppercut.  
Hikmat steps inside and drives a left uppercut into his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat is on target with a potent right hook to Kamel's body.  KAMEL WAS STUNNED BY THAT SHOT!  
Hikmat stalks his opponent...he just needs the right shot to put his opponent away!  Hikmat lands two right hooks to his opponents ribs, KNOCKING KAMEL DOWN!  He is back up on his feet at 5.  It looks like Kamel has now recovered from that earlier bodyshot.  
Hikmat steps inside and lands a right hook to the head followed by a left uppercut to the body.  
Kamel tries to step out of his opponents range.  Hikmat hits home with an overhand right.  


Round 9 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 1                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 42                            
Power Shots Landed: 17                            
Head Shots Thrown: 19                            
Head Shots Landed: 8                             
Body Shots Thrown: 24                            
Body Shots Landed: 9                             

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 3                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 7                             
Power Shots Landed: 1                             
Head Shots Thrown: 8                             
Head Shots Landed: 1                             
Body Shots Thrown: 2                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 10: 

Hikmat lands a left hook followed by a left uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat sidesteps to the right of his opponent and lands two left hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat gets on the inside and lands a right uppercut followed by a left hook to his opponents body.  
Hikmat pivots to the side of his opponent and lands two right hooks to the body, and one to the head.  
Hikmat quickly sidesteps from in front of his opponent and lands a right uppercut to the body followed by a right hook to the head.  
Hikmat gets on the inside and is on target with a left hook to Kamel's body.  Hikmat tries to land a left hook, but his opponent blocks the shot and counters with a right hook.  
Hikmat is looking to close the distance and hits home with a left hook.  
Hikmat advances into close range and is on target with a left uppercut to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat lands a right hook followed by a left uppercut to his opponents body.  
Hikmat lands three consecutive right hooks to his opponents ribs.  
Hikmat pivots from in front of his opponent and lands a left hook.  
Hikmat gets on the inside and is on target with a right uppercut to Kamel's ribs.  
Hikmat advances into close range and lands a right uppercut followed by a left hook to his opponents head.  
Hikmat advances into close range and drives a right hook into Kamel's body.  
Hikmat steps inside and is on target with a left uppercut to his opponents liver.  
Hikmat steps inside.  Hikmat pivots to the right of his opponent and lands a left uppercut to the head followed by a right hook to the body, AND KNOCKS KAMEL DOWN!  He is unable to get up before the count reaches 10!  The winner by KO is Hikmat!  


Round 10 Statistics
Hikmat: 
Jabs Thrown: 2                             
Jabs Landed: 1                             
Power Shots Thrown: 40                            
Power Shots Landed: 27                            
Head Shots Thrown: 13                            
Head Shots Landed: 8                             
Body Shots Thrown: 29                            
Body Shots Landed: 20                            

Kamel: 
Jabs Thrown: 2                             
Jabs Landed: 0                             
Power Shots Thrown: 10                            
Power Shots Landed: 1                             
Head Shots Thrown: 11                            
Head Shots Landed: 1                             
Body Shots Thrown: 1                             
Body Shots Landed: 0                             

Round 1 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 2 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 3 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 4 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 5 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 6 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 7 Scores: 10 - 9  10 - 9  10 - 9
Round 8 Scores: 10 - 8  10 - 8  10 - 8
Round 9 Scores: 10 - 8  10 - 8  10 - 8


Fight Statistics
Hikmat: 
Total Punches Thrown: 415                           
Total Punches Landed: 252                           
Total Head Shots Thrown: 162                           
Total Head Shots Landed: 97                            
Total Body Shots Thrown: 253                           
Total Body Shots Landed: 155                           
Total Power Shots Thrown: 388                           
Total Power Shots Landed: 245                           
Total Jabs Thrown: 27                            
Total Jabs Landed: 7                             

Kamel: 
Total Punches Thrown: 190                           
Total Punches Landed: 11                            
Total Head Shots Thrown: 159                           
Total Head Shots Landed: 10                            
Total Body Shots Thrown: 31                            
Total Body Shots Landed: 1                             
Total Power Shots Thrown: 166                           
Total Power Shots Landed: 10                            
Total Jabs Thrown: 24                            
Total Jabs Landed: 1